In 1964, two physicists A. Penzias and R. Wilson were working in lab on microwave telecommunications. They found A static background interference with their transmission. They were very unaware of the cause of this interference and were looking to solve it untill they became convinced that this interference was caused by universe itself. This interference was caused by Cosmic Microwave Background radiation, in short CMB radiation.
As per Big Bang theory initially universe was very hot, dense and small. Universe's temperature was so high that it was filled with charged particles, a state of matter called plasma. At high temperature, electron and proton were in free state and as the universe expanded, it cooled down and charged particles too cooled enough to form an atom. It was the time when universe was getting red shifted as well as transparent. In the process of forming atom, electron released no. of photons in the universe. As the time went ahead, universe got cooler and all the charged particles combined to form atom (Hydrogen). In the meanwhile, universe was filled with photons and they started to travel freely through space. As the universe expanded, the wavelength of these free photons too increased over time and now eventually they are all over in our universe's free space as microwave radiation and known as CMB radiation.
Well, although CMB's presence was recognised earlier but its detailed study was done in 2001 when a satellite was launched by NASA. It was an probe named Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP). With the help of this satellite it have been possible to find the variations in CMB across universe. Now, not only we know at what time CMB got released but also we can estimate the life of our universe. According to CMB data, radiation was released when the universe was 3,80,000 years old. It was time of nearly 13.7 billions years ago from now. CMB analysis tells us a few more facts those are very interesting. As per CMB analysis, less than 5% of energy of universe is in the form of normal matter. It means that only 5% of universe's energy are in the from of atom. So where is the rest of the energy?
Here comes the dark matter and dark energy. Scientists believe that rest of the energy are in the form of dark matter and dark energy. Well, in further analysis it was found that nearly 70% of energy in the form of dark energy and rest is in form of dark matter. Well, although they are mystery for a now it is an great achievement to know the energy distribution and existence of such matter and energy which still needs to explore.
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